Substance specific to human PD-1

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 13/169,278 filed Jun. 27, 2011 (allowed), which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 12/469,188 filed May 20, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,478), which is a continuation application of application Ser. No. 10/543,323 filed Jul. 25, 2005 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,563,869), which is a National Stage Application filed under §371 of PCT Application No. PCT/2004/000549 filed Jan. 22, 2004. The entire disclosures of the prior applications are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to antibodies specific to human PD-1, bispecific antibodies comprising antibodies against human T cell receptor complex or human B cell receptor complex, polynucleotides encoding them, and the usage of the bispecific antibodies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The immune system acquired the mechanism that can respond to various foreign antigens. The mechanism takes the diversity of an antigen receptor by recombination of V, (D) and J fragment in T cells and B cells. Although this mechanism brought about a result that produces autoreactive lymphocytes, these autoreactive lymphocytes are removed by the negative selection in thymus or bone marrow, and are further controlled by the self-tolerance mechanism of clonal deletion or anergy in periphery.

Although it is thought that an autoimmune disease is developed by the breakdown of self-tolerance, the researches using various disease murine model have been conducted to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenesis. However, the etiology of an autoimmune disease and the molecular mechanism of self-tolerance remaine unclear. In such a situation, existence of the mouse which shows the symptoms of an autoimmune disease caused by a single gene deficient is very important for study the etiology of an autoimmune disease from a molecular biological viewpoint. CTLA4−/− mouse which causes lethal systemic lymphocytes infiltration (Waterhouse P., et al., Science, 270:985-988, 1995, Tivol E. A., et al., Immunity, 3:541-547, 1995), SHP-1 deficient mothaten mice (Shulltz L. D., et al., Cell, 73:1445-1454, 1993), lyn−/− mouse which shows the symptoms of glomerular nephritis (Hibbs M. L., et al., Cell, 83:301-311, 1995), and FCRIIB−/− mouse (Bolland S. & Ravetch J. V., Immunity, 13:277-285, 2000) are the representation, and the relations of these molecules and self-tolerance has been studied.

The PD-1 gene, which belongs to the immunoglobulin super family, encodes a 55 kDa type I transmenbrane protein. Both mouse PD-1 and human PD-1 consist of 288 amino acids, and have signal peptide at N terminal (20 amino acid) and hydrophobic region in the middle part, which is a transmembrane region (The EMBO J., 11(11):3887-3895, 1992); Japanese patent Publication No. 5-336973; EMBL/GenBank/DDJB Acc. No. X67914, Genomics, 23:704, 1994; Japanese patent Publication No. 7-291996 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,204).

In thymus, PD-1 is expressed at the transition phase between CD4−/CD8− to CD4+/CD8+ stage on thymocytes (Nishimura H., et al., Int. Immunol., 8:773-780 (1996), Nishimura H., et al., J. Exp. Med., 191:891-898 (2000)). In periphery, PD-1 is expressed on T cells and B cells activated through the antigen receptor (Agata Y., et al., Int. Immunol., 8:765-772 (1996)), and on activated myeloid lineage cells such as macrophages.

PD-1 has ITIM (Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) in its intracellular region. Therefore, PD-1 is a negative regulator in immune responses. Since PD-1 deficient mice developed a lupus-like glomerular nephritis and arthritis (C57BL/6 genetic background) (Nishimura H., et al., Int. Imuunol., 10:1563-1572, 1998, Nishimura H., et al., Immunity, 11:141-151, 1999) and dilated cardiomyopathy-like disease (BALB/c genetic background) (Nishimura H., et al., Science, 291:319-322 (2001)), it became clear that PD-1 serves as a regulator for the development of autoimmune disease, especially for the maintenance of self tolerance. Further it has been reported that graft rejection is regulated by inhibition of PD-1 signal (Journal of Immunology, 169, 11:6543-6553 (2001)).

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

It is thought that PD-1 is a regulator of various autoimmune diseases, and that it is one of causative genes of autoimmune diseases. Control of the PD-1 function can bring about the medical treatment and diagnosis of suppression or enhancement of the immune function, infection, transplant rejection, and neoplasm etc. As a result of keen examination, the present inventors reached the present invention concerning the substances that controls the function of PD-1.

Stimuli on lymphocytes which control immunity are transmitted mainly through T cell receptor (TCR) in case of T cells, and B cell receptor (BCR) in case of B cells, and then intracellular phosphorylation plays an important role in the molecular mechanism.

Since it has been elucidated that PD-1 negatively regulates various immunocompetent cells such as lymphocytes and myeloid cells etc. and PD-1 has ITIM (Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) in its intracellular region, the present inventors considered that the recruit of de-phosphorylation enzymes (phosphatases) could be involved in the molecular mechanism in the inhibitory signal transduction mediated by PD-1. Therefore, it was hypothesized that making PD-1 colocalize with TCR or BCR can display the PD-1 function.

The present inventors confirmed that the inhibitory signal of PD-1 was transmitted with the substance which physically cross-links PD-1 to TCR or BCR. First, the present inventors confirmed that the above idea was right using anti-PD-1 antibodies and anti-CD3 antibodies. CD3 is a membrane protein expressed on T cells and is one component of TCR complexes. The divalent antibodies were constructed by bridging anti-PD-1 antibodies and anti-CD3 antibodies. The present invention was completed by isolating each cDNA encoding anti-human PD-1 antibody and anti-human TCR antibody and producing bispecific antibody produced by constructing expression vectors that can express fusions proteins comprising each antigen-recognition site of both antibodies.

The present invention relates to the followings:

-   (1) A substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that     recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein on     cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and a linker. -   (2) The substance specific to human PD-1 according to (1), wherein     the part that recognizes human PD-1 is an antibody against human     PD-1 or a partial fragment thereof. -   (3) The substance specific to human PD-1 according to (1), wherein     the part that recognizes a membrane protein on cell membrane of     human PD-1-expressing cells is an antibody against the membrane     protein or a partial fragment thereof. -   (4) The substance specific to human PD-1 according to (1),     comprising an antibody against human PD-1 or a partial fragment     thereof, an antibody against the membrane protein on cell membrane     of human PD-1-expressing cells or a partial fragment thereof, and a     linker. -   (5) The substance specific to human PD-1 according to any one of     (1), (3) and (4), wherein the membrane protein is human T cell     receptor complex or human B cell receptor complex. -   (6) The substance specific to human PD-1 according to (1) or (4),     wherein the linker is a peptide. -   (7) A bispecific antibody comprising an antibody against human PD-1     or a partial fragment thereof, an antibody against human T cell     receptor complex or a partial fragment thereof, and a linker. -   (8) A bispecific antibody comprising an antibody against human PD-1     or a partial fragment thereof, an antibody against human B cell     receptor complex or a partial fragment thereof, and a linker. -   (9) The bispecific antibody according to (7) or (8), wherein the     linker is a peptide. -   (10) A substantially pure polypeptide comprising the amino acid     sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, a homolog thereof, a fragment     thereof or a homolog of the fragment, or a polypeptide comprising     the amino acid sequence to which 1-10 amino acid(s) of the     polypeptide is/are deleted, substituted, and/or added, wherein the     polypeptide composes an antibody against human PD-1. -   (11) A substantially pure polypeptide comprising the amino acid     sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:4, a homolog thereof, a fragment     thereof or a homolog of the fragment, or a polypeptide comprising     the amino acid sequence to which 1-10 amino acid(s) of the     polypeptide is/are deleted, substituted, and/or added, wherein the     polypeptide composes an antibody against human PD-1. -   (12) A polypeptide complex comprising the polypeptides according     to (10) and (11). -   (13) A substantially pure polypeptide comprising the amino acid     sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:11, a homolog thereof, a fragment     thereof or a homolog of the fragment, or a polypeptide comprising     the amino acid sequence to which 1-10 amino acid(s) of the     polypeptide is/are deleted, substituted, and/or added. -   (14) A substantially pure polypeptide comprising the amino acid     sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:11, a homolog thereof, a fragment     thereof or a homolog of the fragment, or a polypeptide comprising     the amino acid sequence to which 1-10 amino acid(s) of the     polypeptide is/are deleted, substituted, and/or added, which is the     bispecific antibody according to any one of (7) to (9). -   (15) A polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide according to any one     of (10), (11), (13) and (14), a homolog thereof or a complementary     polynucleotide thereof, or a fragment thereof or a homolog of the     fragment. -   (16) A polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence represented     by SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:9, a homolog thereof or a     complementary polynucleotide thereof, or a fragment thereof or a     homolog of the fragment. -   (17) A duplication or expression vector comprising the     polynucleotide according to (15) or (16). -   (18) A host cell transformed by the duplication or expression vector     according to (17). -   (19) A manufacturing method of the substance according to any one     of (1) to (6), comprising culturing the host cell according to (18)     under conditions to express the substance. -   (20) A manufacturing method of the bispecific antibody according to     any one of (7) to (9), comprising culturing the host cell according     to (18) under conditions to express the bispecific antibody. -   (21) A manufacturing method of the polypeptide according to any one     of (10) to (14), comprising culturing the host cell according     to (18) under conditions to express the polypeptide. -   (22) A therapeutic and/or preventive pharmaceutical composition for     human PD-1 related-diseases, comprising an effective amount of the     substance according to any one of (1) to (6), the bispecific     antibody according to any one of (7) to (9), the polypeptide complex     according to (12), or the polypeptide according to (13) or (14). -   (23) The therapeutic and/or preventive pharmaceutical composition     according to (22), wherein the human PD-1 related-diseases are     diseases selected from neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune     disease, collagenosis, organ transplantation rejection, tumour, and     infectious disease. -   (24) The therapeutic and/or preventive pharmaceutical composition     according to (22), wherein the neurodegenerative diseases are     diseases selected from geriopsychosis, Alzheimer disease, Down     syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-jakob disease, diabetic     neuropathy, Parkinson syndrome, Huntington's disease, Machado-Joseph     disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, and     Creutzfeldt Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. -   (25) The therapeutic and/or preventive pharmaceutical composition     according to (22), wherein the autoimmune diseases are diseases     selected from glomerular nephritis, arthritis, dilated     cardiomyopathy-like disease, ulceous colitis, Sjogren syndrome,     Crohn disease, systemic erythematodes, chronic rheumatoid arthritis,     multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis,     polymyosiis, pachyderma, periarteritis nodosa, rheumatic fever,     vitiligo vulgaris, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Behcet     disease, Hashimoto disease, Addison disease, dermatomyositis,     myasthenia gravis, Reiter syndrome, Graves' disease, anaemia     perniciosa, Goodpasture syndrome, sterility disease, chronic active     hepatitis, pemphigus, autoimmune thrombopenic purpura, and     autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

The part that recognizes human PD-1 in the present invention has only to be a substance that recognizes human PD-1, for example, anti-human PD-1 antibody or a fragment thereof, human PD-1 itself or a fragment thereof, a ligand for human PD-1 or a fragment thereof (Freeman, G J, et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine, 19, 7; 1027-1034 (2000)), human PD-L2, and human PD-H3 etc.), and a low molecular weight organic compounds etc.

The antibody for human PD-1 or a fragment thereof may be either of complete polyclonal or monoclonal antibody, humanized antibody, complete human antibody, and short antibody thereof (for example, F(ab′)₂, Fab′, Fab, Fv) etc. which contains anti-human PD-1 antibody or a fragment thereof.

Concretely, they are monoclonal anti-human PD-1 antibodies produced by hybridomas (International Trust Number FERM P-19162) that had been deposited to National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary in Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan at Dec. 19, 2002, and had been transferred to International Deposit at Jun. 5, 2003 (International Trust Number FERM BP-8392), which was named J110. Though F(ab′)₂, Fab′, Fab, and Fv antibody fragments of these antibodies etc. are preferable, they don't limit to them.

F(ab′)₂, Fab′, Fab, and Fv antibody fragments can be obtained by processing complete antibodies with protease enzyme, and optionally reducing it. They can be produced as antibodies, fragments of thereof, or fusion proteins with another proteins and the fragments, by using the expression vector made by gene rearrangement using the cDNA separated from antibody-producing hybridoma.

The membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells means the membrane protein that expresses on cell membrane of the same cell as human PD-1-expressing cells, and includes each the membrane protein of human PD-1-expressing human first stage culture cells or human cell lines. For example, T cell receptor complex or B cell receptor complex is preferable.

The part that recognizes the membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells may be a substance that recognizes the membrane protein that expresses on cell membrane of the same cell as human PD-1-expressing cells, and includes, for example, antibodies against the membrane protein and fragments thereof, the membrane protein itself and fragments thereof, ligands for the membrane protein and fragments thereof, and low molecular weight organic compounds that bind to the membrane protein etc.

The antibodies or partial fragments thereof to the membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells are antibodies or partial fragments thereof to the membrane protein that expresses on cell membrane of the same cell as human PD-1-expressing cells, and may be either of complete polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies, complete human antibodies, and short antibodies thereof (for example, F(ab′)₂, Fab′, Fab, Fv) etc.

T cell receptor complex is at least a complex comprising T cell receptor consisting of α subunit and β subunit and CD3 consisting of γ subunit, δ subunit, c subunit, and ξ subunit.

B cell receptor complex is at least a complex comprising membrane-bound immunoglobulin, CD79α subunit, and CD79β subunit.

The antibodies or partial fragments thereof to T cell receptor complex may be either of antibodies or partial fragments thereof that recognize T cell receptor complex. They include antibodies or partial fragments thereof to each subunit of T cell receptor and CD3, which composes T cell receptor complex and may be either of complete polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies, complete human antibodies, and short antibodies thereof (for example, F(ab′)₂, Fab′, Fab, Fv) etc. For example, the monoclonal antibodies against CD3 can be produced by using hybridoma that has already been established. Anti-CD3 (α-CD3εmAb (PharMingen, Inc.)) can be bought.

The antibodies or partial fragments thereof to B cell receptor complex may be either of antibodies or partial fragments thereof that recognize B cell receptor complex. They include antibodies or partial fragments thereof to each subunit of membrane-bound immunoglobulin and CD79, which composes B cell receptor complex, and may be either of complete polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies, complete human antibodies, and short antibodies thereof (for example, F(ab′)₂, Fab′, Fab, Fv) etc. Concretely, commercial anti-BCR antibodies can be used and, for example, anti-IgG (H+L) polyclonal antibodies can be bought (Zymed Laboratories).

The substance comprising the part that recognizes human PD-1 and the part that recognizes the membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells means a substance that can simultaneously bind to an extracellular domain of human PD-1 and an extracellular domain of the membrane protein on cell membrane of the same cell. Concretely, they include bispecific antibodies comprising specific antibodies or fragments thereof to human PD-1 and specific antibodies or fragments thereof to the membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells.

The bispecific antibodies are unsymmetrical antibodies having two independent antigen-recognition sites with two different antigenic specificities. A well-known chemical method (Nisonoff, A., et al., Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics., 90; 460-462 (1961), Brennan, M., et al, Science, 299; 81-83 (1985)) is already well-known as a preparation method of the bispecific antibodies. The bispecific antibodies can be obtained by respectively hydrolyzing two kinds of antibodies by enzyme and cutting disulfide bonds of the H chains by reducing agents, and then mixing and reoxidizing the different kind of antibodies. Recently, the preparation method using cross linking agents such as glutaraldehyde and carbodiimide has been disclosed (JP02-01556).

Technologies that directly produce the bispecific antibodies by using gene recombination technologies have been known. For example, the producing of bispecific antibodies (called single chain diabody.) to carcinoembryonic antigen and E. coli beta-galactosidase has been reported in Alt, FEBS Letter, 454, 90 (1999). A heavy chain variable domain (VH) and other light chain variable domain (VL) of the fragment are connected with linkers to make them combine between two continuous domains on the same chain. A heavy chain variable domain (VH) and other light chain variable domain (VL) of the fragment are connected with linkers to make them combine between two continuous domains on the same chain. Therefore, VH and VL domain of the fragment are unavoidable to combine with complementary VL and VH domain of another fragment, as a result, two antigen binding sites are formed. Though 3-12 amino acid residues are preferable for the peptide linkers, the sequence is not limited (Hudson, P J., et al, Journal of Immunology Medicine, 231, 1-2; 177-189 (1999)).

As manufacturing of the bispecific antibodies using hybridomas, there is Reading, et al's method, that is, a method of producing hybrid hybridomas by further fusing two kinds of hybridomas that produce the monoclonal antibodies and then selecting hybrid hybridomas that produce target bispecific antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,893).

The bispecific antibodies comprising specific antibodies or fragments thereof to human PD-1 and specific antibodies or fragments thereof to the membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells are antibodies that can simultaneously bind to the extracellular domain of human PD-1 and the extracellular domain of the membrane protein on cell membrane of the same cell.

The bispecific antibodies can be produced by the following method;

-   (1) animals are sensitized by human PD-1 or human membrane protein     as an immunogen, -   (2) splenic cells from the sensitized animals and myeloma cells from     syngeneic animals are fused, -   (3) cells that produce monoclonal antibodies against the sensitizing     antigen (human PD-1 or human membrane protein) are screened from the     obtained hybridomas, -   (4) target antibodies-producing hybridomas are cloned, -   (5) the cloned antibodies-producing hybridomas are proliferated, -   (6) the produced antibodies are separated and refined, -   (7) the bispecific antibodies are produced by cross-linking the     obtained anti-human PD-1 antibodies and anti-human membrane protein     antibodies with linkers, or -   (8) they are further digested by pepsin and are separated, and     refined to obtain F(ab′)₂, -   (9) each prepared F(ab′)₂ is reduced and is separated and refined, -   (10) the bispecific antibodies can be produced by cross-linking each     prepared Fab_(SH) by linkers.

The linkers are not limited and may be anything that can link the part that recognizes the membrane protein of PD-1-expressing cells to the part that recognizes human PD-1, keeping an appropriate range. More concretely, they include peptides and amides etc.

The commercial products, for example, phenylenedimaleimide (Aldrich) can be used as the linkers.

When both or one of substances that respectively recognize the membrane protein of PD-1-expressing cells and human PD-1 is/are low-molecular weight organic compound(s),

-   (11) using the antibodies produced by the above technique, the     low-molecules that inhibit a bond between human membrane protein or     human PD-1 and each antibody are found by measuring with a suitable     detector, -   (12) the antibody can be produced by cross-linking the     low-molecules, the antibodies, or the Fab with linkers.

It concretely explains each process as follows.

-   (1) In sensitization, it is preferable that human PD-1 or human     membrane protein is administrated to peritoneal cavity or foot pat     of sensitized animals. And, the sensitized animals have only to be     animals such as mouse and rat etc. that the monoclonal antibody can     be obtained in general and are not limited. For example, it is     enough that 10-200 μg of the antigen are administrated to mouse     once.

A spleen of the sensitized animal that antibody titer has risen enough among the sensitized animals in previous (1) is removed. Suspension of the splenic cells is prepared according to the usual manner. Then, cell fusion of previous (2) is performed by adding polyethylene glycol (preferably PEG4000.) to the mixture with the obtained splenic cells and syngeneic myeloma cells at 37° C. Several kinds such as P3×63Ag8, P3/NS1/1-Ag4-1, and SP-2/0-Ag-14 are known as mouse myeloma cells, and everything are obtained easily.

It is preferable that myeloma cells are HGPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) cell lines that can not live in HAT media (a medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine), and don't secrete antibodies. SP-2/0-Ag-14 are preferably used.

Then, the obtained cell fusion mixtures are sown in 96 microwell plate at low density, which are cultured in HAT medium. By 1-2 weeks, unfused myeloma cells, hybridomas of myeloma cells, unfused splenic cells, and hybridomas of splenic cells die out, whereas only hybridomas of splenic cells and myeloma cells proliferate.

By reacting culture supernatant of hybridomas with solid phase antigens and measuring the antibodies that specifically adsorbs the antigens by using labeled second antibodies, screening of previous (3) judges whether hybridomas product the antibodies against human membrane protein or human PD-1 or not.

The process of (4) is performed by cloning antibody-producing hybridomas according to soft agar culture (Monoclonal Antibodies, 372 (1980)). In this case, it is also possible to use the limiting dilution.

In the process of (5), to obtain a large amount of antibody more efficiently, a method of administrating the hybridomas into mouse peritoneal cavity, and separating and refining them from peritoneal fluid can be used.

In the process of (6), usual methods such as salting out, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, hydrophobic chromatography, and affinity chromatography etc. are used, and more effectively, affinity chromatography using protein A-sepharose CL-4B (Amersham Biosciences K.K.) can be used.

Since the bispecific antibodies of the present invention specifically bind, they can be used for purification and concentration such as affinity chromatography etc. of human PD-1.

In the process of (7), for example, cross linking agents can make sulfo-EMCS (N-(6-maleinimidecaproxy)succinimide sodium salt) bind to SH (mercapto) groups or amide groups of antibodies. First, either of antibodies is referred to amido coupling reactions with sulfo-EMCS. The unreacted sulfo-EMCS is separated by gel filtration. SH (mercapto) groups of the other antibody that have been reduced by 2-mercaptoethylamine etc. are referred to react with maleimide groups of sulfo-EMCS that have bound to the first antibody. The one that two kinds of antibodies were mutually cross-linked is separated by gel filtration.

In the process of (8), each antibody that be obtained in process (6) was digested by pepsin for 48 hours at 37° C. F(ab′)₂ digested by pepsin are purified by usual methods such as salting out, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, hydrophobic chromatography, and affinity chromatography etc. and more effectively, gel filtration using cefaclor S-200 (Amersham Biosciences K.K.) can be used.

In the process of (9), F(ab′)₂ are reduced by 2-mercaptoethanol for 30 minutes at 30° C. The reduced Fab_(SH) are purified by usual methods such as salting out, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, hydrophobic chromatography, and affinity chromatography etc. and more effectively, gel filtration using cefaclor S-200 can be used.

In the process of (10), the other antibodies in Fab_(SH) fraction are referred to bind with linkers. Cross linking agents have only to bind mercapto (SH) groups of Fab_(SH), which is referred to react with phenylenedimaleimide for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then, it is referred to react with 1.3 times more the other Fab_(SH) for 4 hours at room temperature. The obtained substance having bivalent specificity are purified by usual methods such as salting out, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, hydrophobic chromatography, and affinity chromatography etc. and more effectively, gel filtration using cefaclor S-200 can be used.

In the process of (11), the antibodies obtained in process (6) can be used as they are, or as the one that are preferably labeled (for example, biotin-labeling and FITC-labeling etc.) by the common procedure. In ELISA, the antibodies are added to solid phase antigens. Then, when using enzyme-labeled secondary antibody and biotin-labeled antibody, the specific binding between the antibodies and the antigens can be measured by absorptiometer under the presence of chromophore substance, after adding enzyme-labeled streptavidin. Low-molecules that specifically recognize PD-1 or the membrane protein can be obtained by using this assay system.

In the process of (12), when the other is an antibody or Fab, it can bind to an antibody or Fab by introducing suitable functional groups to the obtained low-molecules. For example, if maleimide groups are introduced, it can bind to mercapto (SH) groups of the antibody or Fab. If both are low-molecules, molecules including both can be synthesized.

On the other hand, cDNA of each antibody can be separated from hybridomas that produce the monoclonal antibodies against each antigen. By transforming suitable host cells using expression vector containing DNA that both cDNA or partial fragments thereof have been linked by gene recombination methods, the host cells can produce bispecific antibodies.

Concretely, the bispecific antibodies comprising the antibodies against human PD-1 or partial fragments thereof and the antibodies against the membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells or partial fragments thereof can be prepared by the following methods;

-   (1) Each antibody gene is separated from each hybridoma that     anti-human PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and anti-membrane protein     monoclonal antibodies are respectively produced, -   (2) Variable region DNA of anti-human PD-1 monoclonal antibody gene     and variable region DNA of anti-membrane protein monoclonal antibody     gene are linked by using linker DNA. The expression vectors     containing the linked DNA fragments are introduced to suitable host     cells, -   (3) the cells are cultured under a suitable culture condition, and     produced proteins are separated and refined.

Each process is concretely explained as follows.

The process of (1) comprises a process of separating RNA from hybridomas and a process of separating an antibody gene or cDNA encoding partial peptide thereof.

The process of separating the total RNA or mRNA from hybridomas can be performed according to a well-known method (a method described in Sambrook, J., et al, Molecular Cloning (1989), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, or F. M. Ausubel., et al., Current Protocol in Molecular Biology).

By using synthetic DNA primers having partial nucleotide sequences of the antibodies of the present invention, cDNA encoding the antibody genes of the present invention or partial peptide thereof can be amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (hereafter, called PCR). Or, by hybridization with probes labeled by using DNA fragments or the synthetic DNAs encoding a part or whole region of the antibodies of the present invention, the cDNA can be selected from cDNA contained in suitable vectors. The hybridization can be performed according to a well-known method. The antibody gene can be amplified by using the total RNA or mRNA by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (Hereafter, called RT-PCR).

-   (2) As a method of producing the bispecific antibodies of the     present invention, -   (i) a method of synthesizing peptide and -   (ii) a method of producing by gene recombination technologies etc.     are enumerated, and the method of the described in (ii) is     preferable, industrially.

The expression system (hosts-vector system) to produce peptide by using gene recombination technologies includes, for example, the expression system of bacillus, yeasts, insect cells, and mammalian cells.

The vector system includes E. coli plasmids (for example, pBR322, pBR325, pUC12, and pUC13), Bacillus subtilis plasmids (for example, pUB110, pTP5, and pC194), yeast plasmids (for example, pSH19 and pSH15), bacteriophages such as lambda phage, animal viruses such as retrovirus, vaccinia virus, and baculovirus, PA1-11, pXT1, pRc/CMV, pRc/RSV, and pcDNAI/Neo etc.

The promoter in the present invention has only to be an appropriate promoter corresponding to the gene expression host. For example, when animal cells are used as hosts, SRα promoter, SV40 promoter, LTR promoter, CMV promoter, and HSV-TK promoter etc. are enumerated. It is preferable to use CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter, SRα promoter etc. In case of Escherichia coli, trp promoter, lac promoter, recA promoter, λPL promoter, Ipp promoter, and T7 promoter etc. are preferable. In case of Bacillus bacterium, SPO1 promoter, SPO2 promoter, and penP promoter etc. are preferable. In case of yeasts, PHO5 promoter, PGK promoter, GAP promoter, and ADH promoter etc. are preferable.

Additionally, the expression vector containing enhancer, splicing signal, polyA signal, selected marker, and SV40 duplication on (hereafter, it may be called SV40ori.) etc. can be used, if necessary. The selected marker includes, for example, dihydrofolate reductase (hereafter, it may be called dhfr.) gene (Methotrexate (MTX) resistance), ampicillin resistance gene (hereafter, it may be called Ampr), and neomycin resistance gene (hereafter, it may be called Neor. G418 resistance) etc. Especially, when dhfr gene is used as a selected marker using dhfr gene deficient chinese hamster cells, a target gene can be selected even by using the medium without thymidine. The signal sequence to suitable for the hosts can be added to N-terminal side of the protein of the present invention, if necessary. When the hosts are Escherichia, PhoA signal sequence and OmpA signal sequence etc. can be used. When the hosts are bacillus, α-amylase signal sequence and subtilisin signal sequence etc. can be used. When the hosts are bacillus, MFα signal sequence, SUC2 signal sequence etc. can be used. When the hosts are animal cells, α-insulin signal sequence, α-interferon signal sequence, and antibody signal sequence etc. can be used, respectively. The transformants can be manufactured using the vector containing DNA encoding the constructed protein of the present invention.

By culturing Escherichia transformed with the expression vector in suitable medium, the target peptide is obtained from the body cells. And, if a signal peptide (for example, a signal peptide of pelB) of bacteria is used, the target peptide is secreted in the periplasm. Further, it can be produced as fusion protein with other peptide. In case of the expression in mammalian cells, for example, by culturing mammalian cells transformed by suitable expression vectors including cDNA encoding a target protein in suitable medium, the target peptides are secreted into medium.

For example, Escherichia, Bacillus bacterium, yeasts, insect cells, insects, and animal cells etc. can be used as host cells. For example, Escherichia coli K12, DH1, JM103, JA221, HB101, C600, JM109, DH5, and DH5α etc. can be used as concrete examples of Escherichia. For example, bacillus Bacillus subtilis MI114 etc. can be used as Bacillus bacterium. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22, AH22R-NA87-11A, DKD-5D, or 20B-12, Saccharomyces pombe NCYC1913, or NCYC2036, and Pichia pastoris KM71 etc. can be used as yeasts. When virus is AcNPV, for example, Spodoptera frugiperda Cell (SF cell), MG1 cells derived from Trichoplusia ni midgut, High Five™ cells derived from Trichoplusia ni egg, cells derived from Mamestra brassicae, cells derived from Estigmene acrea etc. can be used as insect cells. When virus is BmNPV, cell lines derived from silkworm (Bombyx moriN cells; BmN cells) etc. can be used. For example, Sf9 cells (ATCC CRL1711) (Vaughn, J. L., In Vivo, 13; 213-217 (1977)) and Sf21 cells etc. can be used as Sf cells. For example, silkworm larvas etc. can be used as insects. For example, COS-1, COS-7, Vero, chinese hamster cell CHO (hereafter, it's abbreviated with CHO cells.), dhfr-deficient chinese hamster cell CHO (hereafter, it's abbreviated with CHO(dhfr−) cells), mouse L cells, mouse AtT-20, mouse myeloma cells, rat GH3, HEK293 T lymphocytes, and human FL cells etc. can be used as animal cells. For example, Escherichia transformation can be performed according to Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 69, 2110 (1972). For example, Bacillus transformation can be performed according to Molecular & General Genetic, 168, 111 (1979). For example, yeasts transformation can be performed according to Becker, D M., et al, Methods in Enzymology, volume 194, p.182-187 (1991), or Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 75, 1929 (1978). Insect cells or insects transformation can be performed according to Bio/Technology, 6; 47-55 (1978). Animal cells transformation can be performed according to CELL TECHNOLOGY SUPPLEMENT 8 NEW CELL TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL, Shujunsha, 263 (1995), or Virology, 52, 456 (1973).

-   (3) The obtained peptides are purified by usual methods such as     salting out, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration,     hydrophobic chromatography, and affinity chromatography etc.

In general, a substantially pure polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:11 is a polypeptide containing the amino acid sequence that is 90% or more, 95, 98, or 99% or more homologous to the polypeptide on producing.

A homologue of the substantially pure polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:11 is a polypeptide containing the amino acid sequence that is at least 70% or more, preferably at least 80, 90, or 95% or more homologous to the polypeptide over a region of at least continuous 20 amino acids, preferably at least 30, 40, 60, or 100 amino acids.

A fragment of the substantially pure polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:11 is a polypeptide containing at least 10 amino acids, preferably at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or 60 amino acids, and a homologue thereof is a polypeptide containing the amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, preferably at least 80, 90, or 95% or more homologous to the polypeptide over a region of at least continuous 10 amino acids, preferably at least continuous 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or 60 amino acids.

A substantially pure polypeptide comprising amino acid sequence that deleted one or several amino acids from a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:11 is a polypeptide comprising amino acid sequence that deleted one or two amino acids or more (preferably 1 to approx. 25, more preferably 1 to approx. 10, furthermore, preferably 1 to 5) from amino acid sequence.

A substantially pure polypeptide comprising amino acid sequence that has been substituted by one or several amino acids from a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:11 is a polypeptide comprising amino acid sequence that has been substituted by one or two amino acids or more (preferably 1 to approx. 25, more preferably 1 to approx. 10, furthermore, preferably 1 to 5).

A homologue of a polynucleotide comprising DNA the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:9 is a polynucleotide that is at least 70%, preferably at least 80, 90, or more preferably 95% or more homologous to the polynucleotide over a region of at least continuous 20, preferably at least continuous 30, 40, 60, or 100 nucleotide sequence.

A fragment of the polynucleotide comprising DNA the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:9 is a polynucleotide containing polynucleotide comprising at least continuous 20, preferably at least continuous 30, 40, 50, 60, or 100 nucleotide sequence.

A DNA hybridizing to DNA containing the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:9 under stringent condition includes, for example, approx. a DNA containing nucleotide sequence that is approx. 70% or more, preferably approx. 80% or more, more preferably approx. 90% or more, most preferably approx. 95% or more homologous to nucleotide sequence respectively represented by SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:9.

The hybridization can be performed according to a well-known method or, for example, a method described in J. Sambrook, Molecular Cloning, 2nd, Coldspring Harbor Laboratory. When using a commercial library, it is possible to perform it according to an attached method described in directions for use. More preferably, it is possible to perform it under stringent condition. High-stringent condition is approx. 19-40 mM, preferably approx. 19-20 mM of NaCl concentration, at approx. 50-70° C., preferably approx. 60-65° C. Approx. 19 mM of sodium concentration at approx. 65° C. is most preferable, especially.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

Application to Medicine:

The substance specific to human PD-1 of the present invention can be used for therapy and/or prevention for the following disease.

The substance specific to human PD-1 of the present invention is useful for therapy and/or prevention for neurodegenerative diseases (geriopsychosis, Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-jakob disease, diabetic neuropathy, Parkinson syndrome, Huntington's disease, Machado-Joseph disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, and Creutzfeldt Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease).

The substance specific to human PD-1 of the present invention is useful for therapy and/or prevention for diseases that accelerate the immune reaction, for example, autoimmune diseases (glomerular nephritis, arthritis, dilated cardiomyopathy-like disease, ulceous colitis, Sjogren syndrome, Crohn disease, systemic erythematodes, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis, polymyosiis, pachyderma, periarteritis nodosa, rheumatic fever, vitiligo vulgaris, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Behcet disease, Hashimoto disease, Addison disease, dermatomyositis, myasthenia gravis, Reiter syndrome, Graves' disease, anaemia perniciosa, Goodpasture syndrome, sterility disease, chronic active hepatitis, pemphigus, autoimmune thrombopenic purpura, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia).

The substance specific to human PD-1 of the present invention is useful for therapy and/or prevention for collagenosis (systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic scleroderma, diffuse scleroderma, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, polymyosiis, Sjogren's syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, polyarteritis nodosa, and rheumatic fever etc.).

The substance specific to human PD-1 of the present invention is useful for therapy and/or prevention for organ graft rejection, allergic disease, and diseases caused by attenuation of immune reaction, which PD-1 participates, for example, tumour and infectious disease.

When using the substance specific to human PD-1 of the present invention for the above purpose, it is usually administered systemically or locally, and orally or parenterally.

The dosage is different depending on age, body weight, symptom, therapeutic effect, administration route, and duration of the treatment etc. For oral administration, generally, the dosage range from 0.1 mg to 100 mg per an adult is orally administered once to several times per day, or the dosage range from 0.01 mg to 30 mg per an adult is administered once to several times per day parenterally, suitably intravenously, and is intravenously administered for 1 to 24 hours per day continuously.

Since the dosage changes depending on various conditions as described above, there are cases in which doses lower or greater than the above dosage may be used.

When a composition of the present invention is administered, it is used as internal solid medicines and internal liquid medicines for internal use, and injections, external preparations, suppositoriums etc. for parenteral administration.

The internal solid medicines for oral administration include compressed tablets, pills, capsules, dispersing powders, granules etc. The capsules include hard capsules and soft capsules.

In case of such the solid medicines, one or more active compound(s) may be pharmaceutically manufactured as itself/themselves or a formulation with excipients (lactose, mannitol, glucose, microcrystal cellulose, and starch etc.), binders (hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and magnesium metasilicate aluminate etc.), disintegrators (cellulose calcium glycolate etc.), lubricants (magnesium stearate etc.), stabilizers, or solubilizers (glutamate and aspartic acid etc.) etc. according to usual methods. Further, they may be optionally coated by coatings (sucrose, gelatin, hydroxypropylcellulose, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate etc.) or coated in the layer of two or more. Further, capsules of absorbable materials such as gelatin may be included.

The liquid compositions for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable waters, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, and elixirs etc. As to such liquid medicines, one or more active compound(s) may be dissolved, suspended, or emulsified to generally used diluent (purified water, ethanol or those mixing liquids etc.). Further, those liquid medicines may contain humectants, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, sweeteners, flavor agents, flavoring agents, preservatives, and buffers etc.

The injections for parenteral administration include solid injections that are dissolved or suspended to solution, suspension, emulsion, or time of use solvent. The injections are used by dissolving, levigating and melting one or more activator(s) to the solvent. As the solvent, for example, water for injection, distilled saline, vegetable oil, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, alcohols such as ethanol etc. and these combinations are used. Further, this injection may include stabilizers, solubilizers (glutamate, aspartic acid, and polysorbate 80 (registered trademark) etc.), suspending agents, emulsifying agents, soothing agents, buffers, and preservatives etc. These are sterilize in the final process or are manufactured from the aseptic manipulation. Aseptic solid medicines may be manufactured as a freeze-drying product and may be used by making to be aseptic or dissolving to aseptic distilled water for injection or other solvents before use.

Other compositions containing one or more activator(s) for parenteral administration include liquid for external use, ointment drug, coating drug, inhalant, aerosol, suppository and pessary for intrarectal administration which is prescribed according to a routine procedure.

The sprays may contain a stabilizer such as sodium hydrogen sulfite besides the diluent generally used, a buffer giving isotonicity, and an isotonic medicine such as, for example, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, or citrates. Production methods of the sprays have been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,868,691 specification and U.S. Pat. No. 3,095,355 specification in detail.

Since PD-1 relates to the immune reaction, PD-1 can also be used for screening etc., the substance related to the immune reaction by measuring the expression of human PD-1 using the substance specific to human PD-1 of the present invention.

The substance specific to human PD-1 of the present invention comprises of a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes the membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and a linker, and is an excellent substance that specifically recognizes human PD-1 and the membrane protein, and can transmit human PD-1 signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the construction of a bispecific antibody expression vector.

FIG. 2 shows the reactivity of each bispecific antibody against X63 cell surface antigen expressed in CD3(−)/PD-1(+) cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) surface antigen as CD3(+)/PD-1(−) cells. In this figure, filling areas of histogram represent control IgG and opening areas represent distribution of PD-1 or CD3 positive cell.

FIG. 3 shows the effect on proliferative response of activated human peripheral blood T cells of bispecific antibody. In this figure, “−” represents Control IgG-adding group and “BsAb” represents the bispecific antibody-adding group, the spindle represents measurement absorbance, and ** represents P<0.05 in significance test.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The following examples explain the present invention more concretely, but don't limit the range of the present invention.

Example 1

To obtain DNA encoding anti-human PD-1 antibody and anti-human CD3 antibody respectively, each total RNA was isolated from J110 (International Trust Number: FERM BP-8392) hybridoma and CD3 antibody hybridoma (obtained from ATCC: ATCC Number: CRL-8001). The operation was performed by using SV total Isolation System (trade name: purchase from Promega) according to the manufacturer instructions.

J110 hybridoma cDNA library and CD3 antibody hybridoma cDNA library were generated from total RNA (total RNA) by oligo dT prime method by using Ready-To-Go You-Prime First-Strand Beads (trade name: purchase from Amersham Pharmacia). The operation and procedure were done according to the manufacturer instructions.

cDNA of variable region of each IgG heavy chain and IgG light chain of anti-human PD-1 antibody and anti-human CD3 antibody was amplified by PCR reaction using Heavy Primers and Light Primers (the trade name: purchase from Amersham Pharmacia), respectively. PCR was carried out the following steps; as a first step at 95° C. for 2 minutes and as cycle steps at 95° C. for 30 seconds, at 50° C. for 30 seconds, and at 72° C. for 40 seconds was repeated 30 times and was left at 72° C. for 5 minutes as last step.

PCR product was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The expected size of DNA fragment was collected and was cloned into pGEM-T Easy Vector (trade name: purchase from Promega). Then, E. coli DH5 (was transformed with the plasmid. DNA of each IgG heavy chain (SEQ ID NO:1 or 5) and IgG light chain (SEQ ID NO:3 or 7) were sequenced to determine the consensus sequence.

Example 2

DNAs encoding bispecific antibodies were prepared by being respectively connected to the separated cDNAs in example 1. Fragment 1 was prepared by connecting IgG heavy chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO:1) of anti-human PD-1 antibody and IgG light chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO:7) of anti-human CD3 antibody by PCR using linker No. 1 (SEQ ID NO:19), linker No. 2 (SEQ ID NO:20), primer No. 1 (SEQ ID NO:14), and primer No. 2 (SEQ ID NO:15) (FIG. 1). Fragment 2 was prepared by connecting IgG heavy chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO:7) of anti-human CD3 antibody and IgG light chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO:1) of anti-human PD-1 antibody by PCR using linker No. 3 (SEQ ID NO:21), linker No. 4 (SEQ ID NO:22), primer No. 3 (SEQ ID NO:16), and primer No. 4 (SEQ ID NO:17) (FIG. 1). Fragment 3 was prepared (FIG. 1) by connecting fragment 1 and fragment 2 by PCR using linker No. 5 (SEQ ID NO:23), linker No. 6 (SEQ ID NO:24), primer No. 5 (SEQ ID NO:18), and primer No. 4 (SEQ ID NO:22) and then the nucleotide sequence was decided (SEQ ID NO:9).

Each PCR reaction was respectively performed. First PCR was performed by repeating 20 times the following steps; at 94(C for 30 seconds, at 40(C for 30 seconds, and at 72(C for 50 seconds. 2nd PCR was performed by repeating 30 times the following steps; at 94(C for 30 seconds, at 50(C for 30 seconds, and at 72(C for 50 seconds, by using first PCR solution as a template.

Primer No. 2: (SEQ ID NO: 14) 5′-TTTTTTAAGCTTACAGGTCCAGCTGCAGGAGTCA-3′ Primer No. 2: (SEQ ID NO: 15) 5′-TTTTTTGCGGCCGCCCGGTTTATTTCCAACTTTG-3′ Primer No. 3: (SEQ ID NO: 16) 5′-TTTTTTAAGCTTACAGGTCCAGCTGCAGCAGTCT-3′ Primer No. 4: (SEQ ID NO: 17) 5′-TTTTTTGCGGCCGCCCGTTTGATTTCCAGCTTGG-3′ Primer No. 5: (SEQ ID NO: 18) 5′-ATGAACTGGTACCAGCAGAAG-3′ Linker No. 1: (SEQ ID NO: 19) 5′-AGGGACCACGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAGGTGGAGGCGGTTCACAA ATTGTTCTCACCCAGTCTCCAG-3′ Linker No. 2: (SEQ ID NO: 20) 5′-CTGGAGACTGGGTGAGAACAATTTGTGAACCGCCTCCACCTGA GGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCCT-3′ Linker No. 3: (SEQ ID NO: 21) 5′-AGGCACCACTCTCACAGTCTCCTCAGGTGGAGGCGGTTCAGAC ATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCAG-3′ Linker No. 4: (SEQ ID NO: 22) 5′-CTGGAGACTGGGTCATCTGGATGTCTGAACCGCCTCCACCTGA GGAGACTGTGAGAGTGGTGCCT-3′ Linker No. 5: (SEQ ID NO: 23) 5′-GGGGACAAAGTTGGAAATAAACCGGGGTGGAGGCGGTTCAGGC GGAGGTGGCTCTGGCGGTGGCGGATCGCAGGTCCAGCTGCAGCAGT CTGGGG-3′ Linker No. 6: (SEQ ID NO: 24) 5′-CCCCAGACTGCTGCAGCTGGACCTGCGATCCGCCACCGCCAGA GCCACCTCCGCCTGAACCGCCTCCACCCCGGTTTATTTCCAACTTT GTCCCC-3′

DNA encoding the bispecific antibody prepared by the above method was cloned into expression vector pSecTag2/HygroA (trade name: purchase from Invitrogen). First, each of fragment 1 and fragment 3 was digested by restriction enzyme HindIII, KpnI, KpnI, and NotI and then was purified by agarose electrophoresis. Then, the DNA fragments were ligated in a HindIII and NotI digested pSecTag2/HygroA vector. E. coli DH5 (was transformed with the plasmid J110-CD3scDb-pSec/hygroA encoding the bispecific antibody was amplified, extracted, and purified (FIG. 1).

Example 3

Bispecific antibody protein was prepared by J110-CD3scDb-pSec/hygroA expression plasmid. The construct was transiently transfected into human kidney cell line 293T (ATCC Number: CRL-11268) with LipofectAMINE-plus (trade name: purchased from Invitrogen) and cultured for four days. The supernatant was sterilized with 0.22 μm PVDF filter, and was concentrated using 40% PEG20000 solution. The concentrated supernatant was purified by HiTrap Chelating HP column (trade name: purchased from Amershampharmacia).

Example 4

The reactivity of the bispecific antibody (PD-1 and CD3) binding to cell surface antigens analyzed by FACScan.

1 or 10 μl the bispecific antibodies were respectively added to human PD-1-expressed X63 cell lines as PD-1 positive/CD3 negative cells (CD3(−)/PD-1(+) cells) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as PD-1 negative/CD3 positive cells (CD3(+)/PD-1(−) cells), and incubated on ice. Immediately second antibodies were added and incubate on ice for 30 min. It was confirmed that the bispecific antibodies reacted to PD-1 and CD3.

Example 5

The activity of the bispecific antibody was evaluated as an effect on the proliferation of activated human peripheral blood T cells.

Concretely, PBMC were isolated from peripheral blood samples of healthy donors by Lymphoprep Tube (trade name: purchased from HYCOMED PHARMA). The operation and procedure were done according to the manufacturer instructions. Erythricytes were removed from PBMC by lysis with lysis buffer (0.8% NH₄Cl, 0.1% KCO₃, 1 mM EDTA). And purified T cell passed through Nylon Fiber ColumnT (trade name: purchased from Rosh) were resuspended to medium (RPMI1640 medium including 10% fetal bovine serum).

Purified T cell (2×10⁶/mL/well) were cultured for 60 hours with 1 μg/ml anti-human CD28 antibody (the clone name: CD28.2 and purchased from Pharmingen) in 24 well-plate that has were pre-coated with 5 μg/ml anti-human αβTCR antibody (the clone name: T10B9.1A-31 and purchased from Pharmingen). Activated T cells were rested for 12 hours, and resting T cells (1×10⁶/100 μl/well) were restimulated adding 1 μg/well of bispecific antibody in 96 well-plate that were pre-coated with 0.1 μg/ml anti-αβTCR antibody. 48 hours later, T cell proliferation was determined by BrdU incorporation using Cell Proliferation ELISA (the trade name: purchased from Rosh). FIG. 3 shows the result.

The bispecific antibodies have significantly decreased the proliferation of the activated human peripheral blood T cells. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A preventive and/or therapeutic method for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, comprising administering an effective amount of a bispecific antibody to an insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patient, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises the following parts; (a) VH region of anti-human PD-1 antibody; (b) VL region of anti-human CD3 antibody; (c) VH region of said anti-human CD3 antibody; and (d) VL region of said anti-human PD-1 antibody, and wherein each of said part is linked by peptide linkers, so that said part (a) can bind to human PD-1 together with said part (d) and said part (c) can bind to human CD3 together with said part (b).
 2. The preventive and/or therapeutic method according to claim 1, wherein human CD3 is not human CD3 epsilon subtype.
 3. The preventive and/or therapeutic method according to claim 1, wherein parts (a)-(d) of claim 1 are linked by peptide linkers in alphabetical order, respectively.
 4. The preventive and/or therapeutic method according to claim 1, wherein (a) the VH region of anti-human PD-1 antibody is a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and (d) the VL region of said anti-human PD-1 antibody is a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. 